Doenças capilares

O que causa a queda de cabelo?

Por Amanda Gomes - 23/09/2016
7 minutos para ler

Afinal, o que causa a queda de cabelo? Esse é um problema fácil de resolver? Como diagnosticá-lo? Como acabar de vez com esse mal que atinge muitas pessoas, minando sua autoestima?

A verdade é que são inúmeras as causas desse problema, que gera muitas dúvidas e preocupações. Por isso, é necessário promover uma investigação mais detalhada dos hábitos que podem causá-lo para chegar a uma resposta correta.

O diagnóstico da causa da queda de cabelo não é muito simples, pode ser feito rapidamente em um consultório dermatológico, mas exige experiência do médico. Alguns fatores são mais comuns e estão relacionados a hábitos pouco saudáveis. Quando detectados, devem ser modificados para  tratar e prevenir esse problema.

Quer saber mais sobre as causas da queda de cabelo e seus diagnósticos? Continue a leitura!

Principais causas da queda de cabelo em homens e mulheres

Alopecia androgenética

Nos homens, a causa da queda de cabelo pode ser ocasionada por diversos fatores, sendo a principal a alopecia androgenética — também conhecida como calvície — motivada pela ação da testosterona que atrofia o folículo capilar.

Os primeiros sinais dessa doença podem surgir no início da idade adulta, principalmente se existem antecedentes familiares.

A maior parte da queda se concentra no topo da cabeça, nas laterais da testa e, em alguns casos, sobra cabelo apenas na nuca e na zona lateral.

Também existe a alopecia areata, provocada por uma reação autoimune ou predisposição genética, que é motivada pelo estresse, por exemplo, e que se caracteriza pelo aparecimento de falhas em um ou vários pontos da cabeça.

A alopecia androgenética também é a principal causa de queda de cabelos nas mulheres. Se inicia durante a menacme, raramente na infância, e piora após o climatério.

Em um ciclo de vida normal, o fio de cabelo cresce por 2 a 8 anos, para de crescer por alguns meses e, em seguida, cai e fica em repouso por algumas semanas — sendo substituído por um fio novo e saudável.

Na alopecia androgenética, os fios têm a fase de crescimento mais curta, e a fase de repouso, mais longa. Eles não conseguem alcançar a fase adulta, desencadeando um processo de afinamento contínuo até o seu desaparecimento.

Por isso, no caso das mulheres, a perda de cabelo é mais extensa, e não afeta apenas algumas áreas, como nos homens — mas todo o couro cabeludo.

Essa é uma disfunção genética e ocorre devido a uma sensibilidade aumentada do fio a um hormônio chamado dihidrotestosterona, que existe tanto nos homens quanto nas mulheres. Mas existem outros fatores que influenciam a fisiopatologia.

No caso da alopecia areata, as causas e manifestações clínicas são idênticas às masculinas, envolvendo o aparecimento de pequenas falhas por todo o couro cabeludo.

Má alimentação

Todos sabem que a má alimentação traz inúmeros malefícios à saúde, seja para os homens, seja para as mulheres — um organismo carente de nutrientes não realiza suas funções corretamente, tornando-se uma causa da queda de cabelo.

Sem contar que uma dieta pobre em proteínas e outros nutrientes pode levar ao desenvolvimento de anemia e de outras doenças que, por sua vez, também agravam a queda capilar.

Nessa categoria, também entram dietas da moda ou extremamente restritivas, que podem até levar à perda de peso, mas trazem prejuízos enormes ao organismo e à saúde em geral.

Causas exclusivamente femininas

Alterações hormonais

Muitas alterações hormonais, nas mulheres, podem provocar a queda de cabelo, e, entre elas, destacam-se os problemas da tireoide: o hipotireoidismo e o hipertireoidismo.

Além disso, a alteração dos hormônios sexuais tem grande influência no ciclo dos cabelos. A falta dos hormônios femininos ou o excesso dos hormônios masculinos contribuem fortemente para a queda. 

Dessa maneira, os métodos anticoncepcionais que envolvem o uso de hormônios femininos com atividade anti-androgênica ajudam na manutenção dos fios, e o uso de hormônios masculinos (testosterona e derivados), por objetivos estéticos ou na menopausa, precipita a queda.

Período pós-parto

Durante a gestação, o organismo da mulher produz uma imensa demanda de nutrientes. Após o nascimento do bebê, essa demanda continua e é intensificada pela amamentação.

O organismo materno concentra seus esforços para nutrir o recém-nascido por meio da nutrição da própria mãe. Além disso, durante o parto, ocorre muita perda de sangue e de ferro, o que influencia diretamente na queda dos fios.

Causas comuns da queda de cabelo

Veja, abaixo, algumas causas comuns da queda de cabelo:

  • anemia;
  • cirurgias;
  • excesso de oleosidade na raiz do cabelo;
  • dietas restritivas
  • tração excessiva dos cabelos 
  • doenças na pele, como lúpus;
  • medicamentos para problemas cardíacos e antibióticos;
  • quimioterapia;
  • estresse físico ou emocional;
  • tricotilomania (doença que faz o indivíduo arrancar os fios de cabelo com as mãos descontroladamente).

Diagnósticos

É mais fácil estabilizar a queda de cabelo ou retardar a sua progressão do que recuperar tudo o que já foi perdido. Por isso, o diagnóstico dessas causas é tão importante. Infelizmente, depois de um tempo de evolução, a queda de cabelo pode ser definitiva.

O exame de sangue é uma técnica fundamental de diagnóstico das causas principais ou secundárias. Nele, geralmente, são feitas algumas dosagens hormonais (de hormônios da tireoide, da hipófise, dos ovários ou dos testículos) e de algumas substâncias, como ferro, cobre, zinco e vitaminas, que se encontram em um nível muito baixo, na maioria das vezes.

Um exame essencial no diagnóstico é a Tricoscopia: um método simples e não invasivo, realizado no próprio consultório, e que tem a capacidade de diagnosticar precocemente distúrbios comuns do couro cabeludo e dos cabelos — principalmente no caso da alopecia androgenética —, proporcionando um tratamento mais eficaz. É parte do exame físico na consulta dermatológica e exige treinamento médico específico.

A imagem do couro cabeludo e das hastes é aumentada de 20 a 70 vezes, permitindo o seu estudo microscópico e uma análise comparativa — apontando os locais de comprometimento capilar —, e também avalia a resposta aos tratamentos que já vinham sendo executados.

Vimos que a causa da queda de cabelo pode variar, por isso, é muito importante não se automedicar. Se o medicamento utilizado não for adequado ao seu problema, a queda de cabelo poderá ser definitiva.

Felizmente, a maioria das quedas de cabelo param espontaneamente, o que leva a concluir que determinada vitamina ou dermocosmético foi o responsável pelo sucesso.

Por isso, somente um dermatologista capilar pode diagnosticar as causas e receitar os medicamentos e tratamentos mais indicados para o seu caso — que pode ser comum, ou, até mesmo, uma doença mais grave.

Você gostou de saber sobre a causa da queda de cabelo ou está passando por esse problema? Então continue a visita ao nosso blog e saiba mais sobre alguns tipos de tratamento para isso! Vamos lá!

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